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Biodiversity and its Conservation: NEET MCQ Questions [100+ Solved]

Here you will find NEET MCQ questions on the Class 12 Biology Chapter “Biodiversity and its Conservation” based on the NCERT textbook. Solve the below free NEET mock test for a better understanding of the various topics. 100+ important MCQs (multiple choice questions) are given in this NEET question bank.

“Biodiversity and its Conservation” is the 15th chapter in the unit “Ecology” of class XII or class 12th Biology NCERT. Do note that NEET (which is conducted by NTA) is based on NCERT books so they are a must have. You can also download PDF of NCERT textbooks.

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1. What is Antilopa carvicapra/Black Buck?

(a) Vulnerable 

(b) Endangered

(c) Critically endangered 

(d) Extinct in the wild

(a) Vulnerable

2. Where can you find alpha diversity?

(a) Within a community 

(b) Between community

(c) Ranges of communities 

(d) All of the above

(a) Within a community

3. What determines biodiversity?

(a) Number of individuals in an area

(b) Species richness

(c) Evenness

(d) Both (b) and (c)

(d) Both (b) and (c)

4. What is the cause of the extinction of numerous wild animals?

(a) Hunting 

(b) Deforestation

(c) Overcrowding 

(d) Scarcity of food

(b) Deforestation

5. Which of the following is an endangered species?

(a) Panthera leo perrica 

(b) Python molurus

(c) Chelonia mydas 

(d) Pallas Siberian crane

(b) Python molurus

6. What is one of the most important functions of botanical gardens? 

(a) they provide a beautiful area for recreation

(b) one can observe tropical plants there

(c) they allow ex-situ conservation of germplasm

(d) they provide the natural habitat for wildlife

(c) they allow ex-situ conservation of germplasm

7. What is the primary reason for the decrease in species diversity in tropical countries?

(a) Urbanisation 

(b) Pollution

(c) Deforestation 

(d) Soil erosion

(c) Deforestation

8. Which of the following animals is almost extinct in India?

(a) Wolf 

(b) Rhinoceros

(c) Hippopotamus 

(d) Cheetah

(d) Cheetah

9. Species whose populations have been severely depleted and their ultimate survival is uncertain are known as?

(a) Threatened species 

(b) Endangered species

(c) Vulnerable species 

(d) Rare species

(b) Endangered species

10. In India, which of the following species has become extinct?

(a) Lion 

(b) Tiger

(c) Two horned Rhino 

(d) Dodo

(c) Two horned Rhino

11. What is the greatest threat to global biodiversity?

(a) natural disasters such as storms.

(b) pollution.

(c) overexploitation of natural resources.

(d) human alteration of habitats.

(d) human alteration of habitats

12. Does the illegal trade in wildlife products threaten any of the following?

(a) Nile perch 

(b) Elephants

(c) Key deer 

(d) Galapagos tortoises

(b) Elephants

13. Humans have altered _____ of Earth’s land surface.

(a) very little 

(b) about 25%

(c) about 50% 

(d) about 80%

(c) about 50%

14. Which endangered animal is the source of the world’s finest, lightest, warmest and most expensive wool-the shahtoosh?

(a) Nilgai 

(b) Cheetal

(c) Kashmiri Goat 

(d) Chiru

(d) Chiru

15. According to the concept of species-area relations

(a) the number of species in an area increases with the size of the area.

(b) larger species require larger habitat areas than do smaller species.

(c) most species within any given area are endemic.

(d) the larger the area, the greater the extinction rate.

(a) the number of species in an area increases with the size of the area

16. Which of the following is considered a hot spot of biodiversity in India?

(a) Indo-Gangetic Plain 

(b) the Eastern Ghats

(c) Aravalli Hills 

(d) the Western Ghats

(d) the Western Ghats

17. What is genetic diversity?

(a) The total genetic information contained within all individuals of species

(b) The total phenotypic information contained within all individuals of a species

(c) The variety of life-forms on Earth.

(d) The variety of biotic communities in a region along with abiotic components

(a) The total genetic information contained within all individuals of species.

18. Which of the following sets consists of endangered wildlife species of India?

(a) Egret, black boar and spotted deer

(b) Himalayan musk deer, blackbuck, Indian lion and rhino

(c) Himalayan musk deer, Indian lion, rhino and wild buffalo

(d) Himalayan musk deer, great Indian bustard, wild ass and Kashmir stag

(d) Himalayan musk deer, great Indian bustard, wild ass and Kashmir stag

19. Which of the following is the most serious threat to biodiversity?

(a) Competition from exotic species

(b) Commercial harvesting

(c) Habitat destruction

(d) Overexploitation

(c) Habitat destruction

20. Diversity in the type of breaks of finches adapted to different feeding habits on the Galapagos Islands, as observed by Darwin provides evidence for

(a) intraspecific variations

(b) intraspecific competition

(c) interspecific competition

(d) origin of species by natural selection

(d) origin of species by natural selection.

21. Which of the following is not a step in understanding biodiversity?

(a) Naming the species

(b) Looking at other related species

(c) Assessing the species geographic range

(d) Quantifying the species genome

(d) Quantifying the species genome

22. Why do conservation biologists think global warming may lead to extensive species declination?

(a) Since little change in plant community composition has occurred in the past, we cannot expect present communities to adapt to climate change.

(b) The magnitude of climate change will be much greater than past periods of climatic change.

(c) Many plant species may not be able to shift their ranges at the same pace as the northern movement of temperature zones.

(d) All of the above

(c) Many plant species may not be able to shift their ranges at the same pace as the northern movement of temperature zones.

23. Assuming S is species richness, A is the area, Z is the slope, and C is Y-intercept, what is species richness?

(a) S = C + Az 

(b) S = C + AZ

(c) S = C. AZ 

(d) S = C. Az

(d) S = C. Az

24. Diversity of habitat over the total landscape is called?

(a) b diversity 

(b) g diversity (gamma)

(c) landscape diversity 

(d) ecosystem diversity

(b) g diversity (gamma)

25. Reason for diversity in a living being is due to

(a) mutation

(b) gradual change

(c) long term evolutionary change

(d) short term evolutionary change

(c) long term evolutionary change

26. Taxa believed to be in danger of becoming endangered soon is called?

(a) extinct 

(b) rare

(c) vulnerable 

(d) out of danger

(c) vulnerable

27. Endemic plants are those that are 

(a) Cosmopolitan in distribution

(b) Restricted to a certain area

(c) Found in the arctic region

(d) Gregarious inhabit

(b) Restricted to a certain area

28. Which of the following is an endangered species of Indian medicinal plants?

(a) Ocimum 

(b) Garlic

(c) Nepenthes 

(d) Podophyllum

(d) Podophyllum

29. What is the most biodiverse zone in India?

(a) Gangetic planes 

(b) Trans Himalayas

(c) The Western Ghats 

(d) Central India

(c) The Western Ghats

30. Loss and fragmentation of habitat, overexploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction are causes for?

(a) Population explosion 

(b) Migration

(c) Biodiversity loss 

(d) Pollution

(c) Biodiversity loss

31. In a biosphere reserve, limited human activity is permitted in?

(a) Core zone 

(b) Buffer zone

(c) Manipulation zone 

(d) None of these

(b) Buffer zone

32. What is the most important human activity that contributes to the extinction of wildlife?

(a) Alteration and destruction of the natural habitats

(b) Hunting for commercially valuable wildlife products

(c) Pollution of air and water

(d) Introduction of alien species

(a) Alteration and destruction of the natural habitats

33. What is included in ecological diversity?

(a) Species diversity 

(b) Genetic diversity

(c) Ecosystem diversity 

(d) All of these

(a) Species diversity

34. Which of the following describes an area’s biodiversity?

(a) Gene 

(b) Species

(c) Ecosystem 

(d) All of these

(b) Species

35. What is the biodiversity of a geographical region?

(a) endangered species found in the region.

(b) the diversity in the organisms living in the region.

(c) genetic diversity present in the dominant species of the region.

(d) species endemic to the region.

(b) the diversity in the organisms living in the region

36. Biodiversity is the study of diversity

(a) Below species level

(b) At the species level

(c) At the community level

(d) At all levels of biological organization

(d) At all levels of biological organization

37. The following arrangement is correct from the point of view of decreasing biodiversity for angiosperms (N), fungi (F), pteridophytes (P), and algae (A).

(a) N > F > P > A 

(b) N > F > A > P

(c) F > N > P > A 

(d) F > N > A > P

(d) F > N > A > P

38. How many plant species have been recorded from India?

(a) 30,000 

(b) 45,000

(c) 70,000 

(d) 90,000

(b) 45,000

39. Species diversity increases as one progresses from?

(a) high altitude to low altitude and high latitude to low latitude

(b) low altitude to high altitude and high latitude to low latitude

(c) low altitude to high altitude and low latitude to high latitude

(d) high altitude to low altitude and low latitude to high latitude

(a) high altitude to low altitude and high latitude to low latitude

40. The maximum number of species have extincted from?

(a) Islands 

(b) Mainland

(c) Oceans 

(d) Freshwater bodies

(a) Islands

41. When did the Convention on Biodiversity enter into force?

(a) 29 Dec. 1993 

(b) 6 June 1992

(c) 3 October 1994 

(d) 4 October 1993

(a) 29 Dec. 1993

42. Who coined the term hot spot for high diversity ecological regions?

(a) IUCN 

(b) Myers

(c) Odum 

(d) Kormandy

(b) Myers

43. Choose the correct statement about biodiversity.

(a) Large scale planting of Bt cotton has no adverse effect on biodiversity.

(b) the Western Ghats have a very high degree of species richness and endemism.

(c) Conservation of biodiversity is just a fad pursued by developed countries.

(d) The desert areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat have a very high level of desert animal species as well as numerous rare animals.

(b) the Western Ghats have a very high degree of species richness and endemism

44. What is conservation?

(a) Protection of natural resources

(b) Management of natural resources

(c) Proper use of natural resources

(d) All of the above

(d) All of the above

45. Where is Ranthambore National Park located?

(a) Maharashtra 

(b) Rajasthan

(c) Gujarat 

(d) U.P.

(b) Rajasthan

46. Which national park is associated with rhinoceros?

(a) Kaziranga 

(b) Ranthambore

(c) Corbett 

(d) Valley of Flowers

(a) Kaziranga

47. Find the correct match for the tiger reserve and its state

(a) Palamau-Orissa 

(b) Bandipur-T.N.

(c) Manas – Assam 

(d) Corbett – M.P.

(a) Palamau-Orissa

48. Where is the Sariska National Park located?

(a) Madhya Pradesh 

(b) Assam

(c) Gujarat 

(d) Rajasthan

(d) Rajasthan

49. Where is the Periyar National Park located?

(a) Karnataka 

(b) Maharashtra

(c) Madhya Pradesh 

(d) Kerala

(d) Kerala

50. Which Biosphere reserve is known as the Valley of Flowers?

(a) Nilgiri 

(b) Sunderbans

(c) Uttarakhand 

(d) Nokrek

(a) Nilgiri

51. Which is preserved in National Park?

(a) Flora 

(b) Fauna

(c) Both (a) and (b) 

(d) None of these

(c) Both (a) and (b)

52. What is the new approach to conservation?

(a) Sanctuaries 

(b) Reserve forests

(c) National parks 

(d) Biosphere reserves

(d) Biosphere reserves

53. Which of the following is an ex-situ conservation method for endangered species?

(a) Wildlife Sanctuaries 

(b) Biosphere Reserves

(c) Cryopreservation 

(d) National parks

(c) Cryopreservation

54. Wildlife conservation refers to the protection and preservation of?

(a) Ferocious wild animals only

(b) Wild plants only

(c) Non-cultivated plants and non-domesticated animals

(d) All the above living in natural habitat

(d) All the above living in natural habitat

55. Which of the following is not done in a wildlife sanctuary?

(a) Fauna is conserved 

(b) Flora is conserved

(c) Soil and flora is utilised 

(d) Hunting is prohibited

(c) Soil and flora is utilised

56. What was the first national park established in India?

(a) Bandipur national park 

(b) Corbett national park

(c) Kanha national park 

(d) Periyar national park

(b) Corbett national park

57. Which of the following pairs is the correct match between wildlife and national parks?

(a) Rann of Kutch – Wild ass

(b) Gir forest – Tiger

(c) Manas – Elephant

(d) Corbett park – Asiatic lion

(a) Rann of Kutch – Wild ass

58. Where are the plant genes of endangered species stored?

(a) gene library 

(b) gene bank

(c) herbarium 

(d) None of these

(b) gene bank

59. Where are most biodiversity hot spots found?

(a) tropical forests

(b) mountainous regions

(c) dry shrublands (chaparral)

(d) wetlands

(a) tropical forests

60. In your opinion, what is the most effective way to conserve plant diversity?

(a) By tissue culture method

(b) By creating biosphere reserve

(c) By creating a botanical garden

(d) By developing a seed bank

(d) By developing a seed bank

61. In which one of the following pairs is the specific characteristic of soil not correctly matched?

(a) Laterite – Contains an aluminium compound

(b) Terra Rossa – Most suitable for roses

(c) Chernozems – Richest soil in the world

(d) Black soil – Rich in calcium carbonate

(d) Black soil – Rich in calcium carbonate

62. Where is Idri idri, the largest living lemur, found?

(a) Sri Lanka 

(b) Madagascar

(c) Mauritius 

(d) India

(b) Madagascar

63. In recent years, which animal has gone extinct in India?

(a) Panthera leo 

(b) Acinonyx jubatus

(c) Antilope cervicapra 

(d) Rhinoceros unicornis

(a) Panthera leo

64. How many national parks and sanctuaries are there in India?

(a) 82 national parks and 410 sanctuaries

(b) 83 national parks and 421 sanctuaries

(c) 85 national parks and 450 sanctuaries

(d) 87 national parks and 460 sanctuaries

(b) 83 national parks and 421 sanctuaries

65. All of the following fields contribute to conservation biology except for? 

(a) ecology 

(b) evolutionary biology

(c) population genetics 

(d) immunology

(d) immunology

66. Why do migratory species pose special preservation challenges?

(a) Because they are endemic, they are especially susceptible to habitat destruction.

(b) Their conservation may require international cooperation when they require habitats in different countries.

(c) They are often prone to population number decline during their long migratory journeys.

(d) They reside in biodiversity hot spots that are most susceptible to habitat degradation.

(b) Their conservation may require international cooperation when they require habitats in different countries

67. Biosphere Reserves differ from National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries because in Biosphere Reserves

(a) human beings are not allowed to enter.

(b) people are an integral part of the system.

(c) plants are paid greater attention than animals.

(d) living organisms are brought from all over the world and

preserved.

(b) people are an integral part of the system

68. What can a high density of a protected animal in a National Park cause?

(a) mutualism 

(b) intraspecific competition

(c) emigration 

(d) predation

(b) intraspecific competition

69. The Earth Summit in Rio-de-Janeiro was related to what?

(a) Soil fertility

(b) Survey of natural resources

(c) Conservation of environment

(d) Prevention of afforestation

(c) Conservation of environment

70. What is wildlife?

(a) All biota excluding man, domestic animals and cultivated crops

(b) All vertebrates of reserve forests

(c) All animals of reserve forests

(d) All animals and plants of reserve forest

(a) All biota excluding man, domestic animals and cultivated crops

71. The Indian one-horned rhinoceros has a new home in which National Park?

(a) Dudhwa 

(b) Jim Corbett

(c) Kanha 

(d) Bandhavgarh

(a) Dudhwa

72. Which of the following is an in-situ conservation method?

(a) National park 

(b) Botanical garden

(c) Tissue culture 

(d) Genetic engineering

(a) National park

73. In which year was ‘Project Tiger’ in India started?

(a) 1970 

(b) 1972

(c) 1981 

(d) 1985

(b) 1972

74. When germplasm is preserved by cryopreservation, what temperature is maintained?

(a) – 196° F 

(b) 0° F

(c) – 100° F 

(d) None of these

(d) None of these

75. Biosphere reserves are divided into three subdivisions: buffer zone, core zone, and transition zone. The transition zone

(a) Covers the buffer zone and lies in between the buffer zone and the core zone

(b) Covers the core zone and lies in between the core zone and the buffer zone

(c) Is the innermost zone of the biosphere reserve

(d) Is the outermost zone of the biosphere reserve

(d) Is the outermost zone of the biosphere reserve

76. What is the status of the Red Panda according to the IUCN Red List (Ailurus fulgens)?

(a) Critically endangered species

(b) Vulnerable species

(c) Extinct species

(d) Endangered species

(d) Endangered species

77. In what year did the Parliament of India pass the Biodiversity Act of India?

(a) 1992 

(b) 1996

(c) 2000 

(d) 2002

(d) 2002

78. Which of the following is the correct match between an endangered animal and a national park?

(a) Rhinoceros – Kaziranga National Park

(b) Wild ass – Dudhwa National Park

(c) Great Indian – Keoladeo National Park bustard

(d) Lion – Corbett National Park

(a) Rhinoceros – Kaziranga National Park

79. Which of the following does not fall under in-situ conservation?

(a) Botanical garden 

(b) Biosphere reserve

(c) National park 

(d) Sanctuary

(a) Botanical garden

80. Which of the following animal and plant pairs represents an endangered organism in India?

(a) Tamarind and Rhesus monkey

(b) Cinchona and leopard

(c) Banyan and black buck

(d) Bentinckia nicobarica and Red Panda

(d) Bentinckia nicobarica and Red Panda

81. Find an odd combination of the habitat and the particular animals concerned.

(a) Sunderbans – Bengal Tiger

(b) Periyar – Elephant

(c) Rann of kutch – Wild Ass

(d) Dachigam National park- Snow Leopard.

(d) Dachigam National park- Snow Leopard.

82. Quercus species are the dominant component in?

(a) Temperate deciduous forests

(b) Alpine forests

(c) Scrub forests

(d) Tropical rain forests

(a) Temperate deciduous forests

83. Which of the following has the most genetic diversity in India?

(a) Mango 

(b) Wheat

(c) Tea 

(d) Teak

(b) Wheat

84. Which of the following national parks does not have tigers as residents?

(a) Sunderbans 

(b) Gir

(c) Jim Corbett 

(d) Ranthambhor

(b) Gir

85. Which of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation?

(a) Wildlife sanctuary 

(b) Seed bank

(c) Sacred groves 

(d) National park

(b) Seed bank

86. Which of the following is the most genetically diverse in India?

(a) Groundnut 

(b) Rice

(c) Maize 

(d) Mango

(b) Rice

87. The following statements (A)-(D) each contain one or two blanks.

(A) Bears go into (1) during winter to (2) cold weather

(B) A conical age pyramid with a broad base represents (3) human population

(C) A wasp pollinating a fig flower is an example of (4)

(D) An area with high levels of species richness is known as (5)

Which of the following options provides the correct fill-ups for the respective blank numbers from (1) to (5)?

(a) (2)-stable, (4)-commensalism, (5)-marsh

(b) (1)-aestivation, (5)-escape, (3)-stable, (4)-mutualism

(c) (3)-expanding, (4)-commensalism, (5)-biodiversity park

(d) (1)-hibernation, (2)-escape, (3)-expanding, (5)-a hot spot

(d) (1)-hibernation, (2)-escape, (3)-expanding, (5)-a hot spot

88. Among vertebrates, which group contains the most endangered species?

(a) Birds 

(b) Mammals

(c) Fishes 

(d) Reptiles

(b) Mammals

89. Wildlife is destroyed most when 

(a) there is a lack of proper care

(b) mass scale hunting for foreign trade

(c) its natural habitat is destroyed

(d) natural calamity

(c) its natural habitat is destroyed

90. What is a non-renewable resource?

(a) non-renewable non-conventional energy source

(b) non-renewable conventional energy source

(c) renewable non-conventional energy source

(d) renewable conventional energy source

(b) non-renewable conventional energy source

91. What are the impacts of biodiversity loss?

(1) Decrease in plant production.

(2) Lowered resistance to environmental perturbation

(3) Increased variability in ecosystem processes like water use, pest/disease cycle, plants productivity.

(4) None of these

(a) (1) and (2) 

(b) (1), (2), and (3)

(c) (2) and (3) 

(d) Only (4)

(b) (1), (2), and (3)

92. Where are sacred groves found?

(1) Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya

(2) Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan

(3) Western ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh

(4) None of these

(a) (1) and (2) 

(b) (1), (2), and (3)

(c) (2), (3) and (4) 

(d) Only (4)

(d) Only (4)

93. What does modern ex-situ conservation include?

(1) cryopreservation techniques

(2) in vitro-fertilisation

(3) plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods

(a) Only (1) 

(b) Only (3)

(c) (2) and (3) 

(d) All of these

(d) All of these

94. Which of the following countries has the most biodiversity?

(a) Brazil 

(b) South Africa

(c) Russia 

(d) India

(c) Russia

95. Which of the following does not contribute to the loss of biodiversity?

(a) Destruction of habitat.

(b) Invasion of alien species

(c) Keeping animals in zoological parks

(d) Over-exploitation of natural resources

(c) Keeping animals in zoological parks

96. In the Indian context, which species is not an invasive alien species?

(a) Lantana 

(b) Cynodon

(c) Parthenium 

(d) Eichhornia

(b) Cynodon

97. Among the following, where can you find pitcher plants?

(a) Rain forest of North-East India

(b) Sunderbans

(c) Thar desert

(d) the Western Ghats

(a) Rain forest of North-East India

98. Which one of the following is not a feature of biodiversity hotspots?

(a) a Large number of species

(b) Abundance of endemic species

(c) Mostly located in the tropics

(d) Mostly located in the polar regions

(d) Mostly located in the polar regions

99. What do Nepenthes, Psilotum, Rauwolfia, and Aconitum have in common?

(a) All are ornamental plants

(b) All are phylogenic link species

(c) All are prone to overexploitation

(d) All are exclusively present in the Eastern Himalayas

(c) All are prone to overexploitation

100. The one-horned rhinoceros lives only in which of the following sanctuaries?

(a) Bhitar Kanika 

(b) Bandipur

(c) Kaziranga 

(d) Corbett Park

(c) Kaziranga

101. Which of the following animal groups has the highest percentage of endangered species?

(a) Insects 

(b) Mammals

(c) Amphibians 

(d) Reptiles

(c) Amphibians

102. Which of the following plant species is endangered in India?

(a) Rauwolfia serpentina

(b) Santalum album (sandal wood)

(c) Cycas beddonei

(d) All of the above

(d) All of the above

103. Lantana, Eichhornia, and African catfish all share what in common?

(a) All are endangered species of India

(b) All are keystone species

(c) All are mammals found in India

(d) All the species are neither threatened nor indigenous species of India.

(d) All the species are neither threatened nor indigenous species of India.

104. What led to the extinction of passenger pigeons?

(a) Increased number of predatory birds

(b) Overexploitation by humans

(c) Non-availability of the food

(d) Bird flu virus infection

(b) Overexploitation by humans

105. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Parthenium is an endemic species of our country.

(b) African catfish is not a threat to indigenous catfishes.

(c) Steller’s sea cow is an extinct animal.

(d) Lantana is popularly known as carrot grass.

(c) Steller’s sea cow is an extinct animal.

106. Among the ecosystems listed below, where would one find the most biodiversity?

(a) Mangroves 

(b) Desert

(c) Coral reefs 

(d) Alpine meadows

(c) Coral reefs

107. Which forest is known as the ‘Lungs of the planet Earth’?

(a) Taiga forest

(b) Tundra forest

(c) Amazon rain forest

(d) Rainforests of North-East India

(c) Amazon rain forest

108. From where does the active chemical drug reserpine come?

(a) Datura 

(b) Rauwolfia

(c) Atropa 

(d) Papaver

(b) Rauwolfia

109. Which group has the greatest diversity of species?

(a) Angiosperms 

(b) Algae

(c) Bryophytes 

(d) Fungi

(d) Fungi

110. Which of the following regions exhibits the least seasonal variations?

(a) Tropics 

(b) Temperates

(c) Alpines 

(d) Both (a) and (b)

(a) Tropics

111. What is the name of the historic convention on biological diversity held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992?

(a) CITES Convention 

(b) The Earth Summit

(c) G-16 Summit 

(d) MAB Programme

(b) The Earth Summit

112. How are in vitro fertilisation (IVF), cryopreservation (II) and tissue culture (III) similar?

(a) All are in situ conversation methods

(b) All are ex-situ conversation methods

(c) All require ultra-modern equipment and large space

(d) All are methods of conservation of extinct organisms.

(b) All are ex-situ conversation methods


Good luck Medicoholics! Until next time.

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